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Revision as of 13:54, 30 May 2020
<html xmlns:v="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:vml" xmlns:o="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" xmlns:w="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:word" xmlns:m="http://schemas.microsoft.com/office/2004/12/omml" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40">
<head> <meta http-equiv=Content-Type content="text/html; charset=windows-1252"> <meta name=ProgId content=Word.Document> <meta name=Generator content="Microsoft Word 12"> <meta name=Originator content="Microsoft Word 12"> <link rel=File-List href="Plurals%20of%20Nouns_files/filelist.xml"> <link rel=themeData href="Plurals%20of%20Nouns_files/themedata.thmx"> <link rel=colorSchemeMapping href="Plurals%20of%20Nouns_files/colorschememapping.xml">
Plurals of Nouns</b></p>
chair, chairs wave, waves book, books pencil, pencils paper, papers <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:9.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:9.0pt;
margin-left:0in;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:
15.0pt'>The usual way of forming the plural of English nouns is
illustrated by the words in the column above. Simply add an S to the end of the
word.</p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:9.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:9.0pt;
margin-left:0in;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:
15.0pt'><b>Rule 1.—Nouns regularly form the plural by adding s,
but those ending in a hissing sound must add es.</b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:9.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:9.0pt;
margin-left:0in;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:
15.0pt'>Every word that ends in a sibilant, or hissing sound, (ch, s, sh, ss, x, z) forms its plural
like fox. Observe the following examples:</p>
dress, dresses splash, splashes business, businesses church, churches fox, foxes <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'> (a) lady, ladies (b) valley, valleys ally, allies alley, alleys soliloquy, soliloquies journey, journeys <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:9.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:9.0pt;
margin-left:0in;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:
15.0pt'>Name five words belonging to group (a) above.
Does a vowel or a consonant precede the y in each case?</p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:9.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:9.0pt;
margin-left:0in;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:
15.0pt'>Name other words belonging to the group (b)
above. Does a vowel or a consonant precede the y in each case?<a name="Page_19">[</a>19]</p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:9.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:9.0pt;
margin-left:0in;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:
15.0pt'><a name="Rule_2"></a><b>Rule 2.—Nouns
ending in y preceded by a consonant (and nouns ending in quy) form the plural by changing y to i and adding es.</b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:13.5pt;text-align:center'> (a) potato, potatoes hero, heroes mulatto, mulattoes tomato, tomatoes buffalo, buffaloes cargo, cargoes negro, negroes echo, echoes motto, mottoes (b) solo, solos piano, pianos memento, mementos halo, halos lasso, lassos canto, cantos zero, zeros quarto, quartos soprano, sopranos stilletto, stillettos <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:9.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:9.0pt;
margin-left:0in;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:
15.0pt'>The older English words ending in o form
the plural by adding es, as in potatoes;
those more recently taken into the language form the plural by adding s,
as in quartos.</p>
<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'> leaf, leaves calf, calves wife, wives loaf, loaves sheaf, sheaves shelf, shelves half, halves wolf, wolves elf, elves life, lives beef, beeves wharf, wharves (or wharfs) self, selves knife, knives <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:9.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:9.0pt;
margin-left:0in;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:
15.0pt'>With the exception of the words given above, nouns
ending in an f sound form the plural in the regular way; as,</p>
hoof, hoofs scarf, scarfs
beliefs, beliefs chief, chiefs
reef, reefs grief, griefs <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'> <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:9.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:9.0pt;
margin-left:0in;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:
15.0pt'>Some nouns form their plural by a change of vowel; as,</p>
man men foot feet woman women
tooth teeth goose geese mouse mice <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:9.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:9.0pt;
margin-left:0in;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:
15.0pt'>A few words retain the old time plural en; as,</p>
brother
brethren child children
ox oxen <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:9.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:9.0pt;
margin-left:0in;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:
15.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:9.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:9.0pt;
margin-left:0in;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:
15.0pt'>A few words are the same in both singular and plural;
as,</p>
<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'>sheep, trout, deer</p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:9.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:9.0pt;
margin-left:0in;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:
15.0pt'>Some nouns have two plurals which differ in meaning;
as,</p>
Singular
Plural brother
brothers brethren penny pennies pence pea peas pease die dies dice <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:13.5pt;text-align:center'> </div>
<b> <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:13.5pt;text-align:center'><b>Exercise 34—Compound Nouns</b></p>
Singular
Plural brother-in-law brothers-in-law father-in-law fathers-in-law court-martial courts-martial commander-in-chief commanders-in-chief man-of-war men-of-war major general major generals goose quill goose quills bill of fare bills of fare spoonful spoonfuls cupful cupfuls <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:9.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:9.0pt;
margin-left:0in;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:
15.0pt'><b>Rule 3.—Compound nouns usually add the sign of the
plural to the fundamental part of the word.</b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:9.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:9.0pt;
margin-left:0in;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:
15.0pt'>Note.—In spoonfuls the
thought is of one spoon many times full.</p>
<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'> <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:9.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:9.0pt;
margin-left:0in;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:
15.0pt'><b>Rule 4.—Letters and figures form
the plural by adding the apostrophe (') and s; as,</b></p>
a a's
3 3's w w's 5 5's <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:9.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:9.0pt;
margin-left:0in;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:
15.0pt'>The same rule applies to the plural of words which
ordinarily have no plural; as,</p>
<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'>Don't use so many and's and if's.</p>
<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'> <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:9.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:9.0pt;
margin-left:0in;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:
15.0pt'>Some nouns derived from foreign languages retain their
original plural. The following are in common use.</p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:9.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:9.0pt;
margin-left:0in;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:
15.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></p>
Singular Plural
Singular
Plural crisis crises stratum strata thesis theses radius radii hypothesis hypotheses parenthesis parentheses focus foci synopsis synopses datum data basis bases alumnus alumni automaton automata alumna alumnae analysis analyses oasis oases nucleus nuclei axis axes phenomenon phenomena genus genera <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:9.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:9.0pt;
margin-left:0in;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:
15.0pt'>Some words admit of two plurals, one the foreign
plural, and one the regular English plural; as,</p>
Singular
Plural beau beaux beaus formula
formulae formulas vertex vertices vertexes index indices indexes cherub cherubim cherubs seraph seraphim seraphs bandit banditti bandits <p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p>
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<b>Exercise 30</b></p>
<b>Exercise 31—Words ending in o</b></p>
<b>Exercise 32—Nouns in f and fe</b></p>
<b>Exercise 33—Irregular Plurals</b></p>
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</b>
<b>Plural of Letters and Figures</b></p>
<b>Exercise 35—Foreign Plurals</b></p>
