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'''This is Mr. Steve. You must condense your article to:'''
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<br>1. Headline
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<br>2. Topic sentence
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<br>3. Fact 1 sentence
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<br>4. Fact 2 sentence
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<br>5. Fact 3 sentence
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<br>6. Fact 4 sentence
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<br>7.Concluding sentence
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<br>8. Source: (The URL - the website that you got the news articles from. Like this: Source: https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/long-sleeves-on-doctors-white-coats-may-spread-germs/ )
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<br>Try to edit the articles again '''ONLY''' as I explained above.
  
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''An Addition to Organs''
 
  
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'''Having Rain Is Just as Bad As Having A Drought'''
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          Scientists believe that they may have found a possible new organ, the interstitium. To begin with, the interstitium is a network of tissues that wrap around the digestive tract. However, they rediscovered that there were fluid-filled sacs.   As stated in the document, "When researchers took a closer look at this stuff with out squishing it down, that's when they identified the network of fluid-filled sacs."  Additionally, organs are defined as self-contained and sufficient, but the interstitium isn't an organ yet.  Moreover, if it were an organ, it could help figure out mechanisms in the body that aren't still fully understood.  The author comments, "Understanding better how this system works may enable us to find new ways to treat or prevent all these diseases..."  To sum up, the interstitium may be a useful piece of discovery scientists can observe to become more knowledgeable of the human body.
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<br>Due to climate change, there has been many droughts and heavy rainfall throughout America.
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*** Watch for subject verb agreement. You were missing your verb, so I added has in. There is no need to have a double preposition, so I removed in and left throughout.
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<br>Droughts have served as threatening force to nature, as well as extreme rain.
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*** There is no need to to turn a subject into a verb. As a subject you do not need to add -ing, where it will turn the word into a verb. Change: raining -> rain
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<br>For instance, raining in the Northeast has become harsher, increasing by 53%, since 1996. 
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<br>As stated in the text, "Many people are already plagued by the persistent beep of flash flood warnings, or the stench of sewage backing up into the basement."
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<br>Rain can cause serious damages to towns, such as flooding, pollution, and property destruction. 
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<br>In conclusion, climate change has been affecting precipitation across the nation.
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<br>Source: https://www.popsci.com/climate-change-extreme-rain
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<br>Edited By | Philip Kwong
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<br>Fully Edited Article Summary:
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'''Marijuana'''
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*** Your title is too vague. We could possibly change the title to Legalization of Marijuana. This lets the reader be more insightful of a more directed topic.
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<br>There is some controversy about the marijuana policy in some states on whether to make marijuana legal.  (There is controversy in some states if marijuana should be legal.)
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***You could begin with eliminating some unnecessary word choices, for example I eliminated some in the sentence. There is no need to say marijuana twice in the sentence. I combined the sentence to say "... if marijuana should be legal."
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<br>To begin with, marijuana was at first a titled Schedule I substance under the CSA.
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(At first, marijuana was labeled as a Schedule I substance under the CSA.)
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*** There is no need to add two introductory phrases in a sentence, one is enough. So, I combined your two phrases to At first,... I also changed titled to labeled, I used this word choice change to have the sentence flow smoother. You should also define what the CSA is, then comma CSA.
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<br>There are some potential public health benefits if marijuana is legalized. 
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<br>For example, medical marijuana is legalized in some states because it aids people with some illnesses.
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( In some states, medical marijuana was legalized to aid people in some illnesses.)
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*** There is no need for an introductory phrase to start the sentence. So, I started the sentence "In some states..." There is also no need for the conjunction because and just keep with the preposition.
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<br>However, there can be negative impacts for users, if the medical marijuana is not used in great care.
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*** So I moved the words "medical marijuana" in the sentence to ensure there is a correct subject verb agreement. It was not completely necessary to have it in front of users, when you can use the subject in the latter part of the sentence.
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<br>In conclusion, before deciding to legalize marijuana, one has to consider about the health benefits.
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*** I changed legalization to legalize to keep the verb tenses correct. I also changed the end part of the sentence so, the correct word choice will be consider.
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Source: https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMp1805432?query=featured_secondary
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*** This source does not match the topic of your article.
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<br>Edited by | Philip Kwong
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<br>Fully Edited Article Summary:
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'''Ban on New Uber and Lyft Cars'''
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<br>The latest ban is causing turmoil among New York City. A place where almost everyone relies on public transportation.
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*** I broke up the sentence into two sentences. This will allow the summary to flow smoother.
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<br>Firstly, this ban hinders Uber's and Lyft's to expand with new cars in New York city.
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*** I changed the to New York City. It is better to use a proper noun than a vague article of speech.
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<br>To be specific, these vehicles need to be licensed by New York City's Taxi Limousine Commission, TLC.
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*** When you want to use an abbreviation of an organization, include the full name of the organization first, then the abbreviation.
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<br>People have different views on this new ban. 
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<br>For instance, those on the opposing side say that Uber's and Lyft's are very helpful to people. 
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<br>On the other hand, advocates of the ban indicate that it is for the better, such as decreasing congestion and pay for the "for-hire" drivers.
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*** Do not use contractions in a formal setting. I recommend to make a change after the final and. This will allow a proper sentence structure, you are missing a verb.
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<br>To conclude, this year, some New Yorker's who depend on the ride-hailing apps will have to rely on the train, bus, or regular green and yellow taxis.
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Source: https://www.popsci.com/new-york-city-bans-new-uber-and-lyft-vehicles
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<br>Edited by | Philip Kwong
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<br> Fully Edited Article Summary:
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-----
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'''Screens Affect Your Sight'''
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<br>Bright lights from a screen can damage one's eyesight. 
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<br>In a spectrum of light, the shorter the wavelength of the light travels, the more harmful it is. 
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<br>For example, blue light can kill and damage photo receptors in your eyes, in which blindness may occur. 
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*** Added a comma to separate your prepositional phrases. I also changed can to may to have a better word choice and sentence flow.
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<br>As stated in the article, "...prolonged exposure to the 445 nano meter shortwave, called "blue light" can trigger damage irreversible damage in eye cells." 
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<br>Another place blue light occurs is in sunlight. Looking directly into the sun for a long time can ruin your eyes, as it contains forms of UV, infrared and visible light rays.
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*** I replaced your starter word with a phrase to show more details about the point the article is trying to prove. I also split the sentence, because it started to become a run-on sentence.
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<br>In conclusion, you should not spend too much time on staring at screens, just like you would not stare at the sun.
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*** I kept with the same subject with screens rather than electronics. I also added an ending part to the sentence to end with a bang.
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Source: https://www.popsci.com/screens-killing-eyes-blue-light
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<br>Edited by | Philip Kwong
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<br>Fully Edited Article Summary:
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'''Why (almost) Everyone Needs To Stretch When They Exercise'''
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*** DO NOT copy the title of the article and use it as your own. Be original and create your own title.
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<br>There are two different reasons for exercising which are recovery, when one is trying to decrease injury, increase strength or accelerate muscle recovery, and remodeling, when losing weight and improving one's mood.
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*** Based off your title would you change exercising to stretching? You also wrote that you would list two different reasons. You listed more than two, please clarify and change.
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<br>Firstly, stretching does not aid in waste removal nor accelerate muscle recovery, which occurs when exercising for recovery. 
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<br>On the other hand, stretching as remodeling is effective due to its assistance in helping the body's response effort to exercising.
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*** I added the word response in the latter part of the sentence to add more emphasis and keep subject verb agreement.
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<br>To be specific, stretching before exercising for remodeling is more beneficial. 
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<br>As stated in the article, "It will help with muscle remodeling, connective tissue strengthening, range-of-motion improvement, joint alignment, and potentially blood flow during subsequent exercise—all beneficial effects in the long run."   
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<br>To sum up, people who exercise to lose weight and improve their moods should stretch.
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*** Rewrite the concluding sentence, it does not relate to the topic of this article.
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<br>Source: https://www.popsci.com/need-to-stretch
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<br>Edited by | Philip Kwong
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<br> Fully Edited Article Summary:
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'''The Secret Origins of Blue Diamonds Are Finally Coming to the Surface'''
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*** DO NOT copy the title of the article and use it as your own. Be original and create your own title.
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<br>According to the article, scientists scrutinized blue diamonds carefully, they discovered blue diamonds form even deeper down than the previously estimate.
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*** Watch the use of adverbs. When using adverbs, make sure they end with appropriate -ly.
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*** This is not a proper topic sentence, this is more of a fact sentence. Please write a proper topic sentence.
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<br>To be specific, blue diamonds form four times deeper below the Earth's surface.
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<br>Secondly, theses diamonds get their blue color from boron, which scientist, Evan Smith, believes the boron could have traveled from a sinking ocean tectonic plate, all the way down to the lower mantle. 
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<br>In addition, blue diamonds are really rare.   
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<br>Moreover, since blue diamonds are formed way deep down past the surface, scientists believe that the only way for these diamonds to travel up to the surface is if it is moved by ocean water.
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*** I added the adverb past to create a better flow for the sentence.
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*** This is not a proper concluding sentence, this is more of a fact sentence. Please write a proper concluding sentence.
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<br>Source: https://www.popsci.com/blue-diamond-boron-origin
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*** For the source, keep it on page 1 or the start of the article, not where you finished reading the article.
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<br>Edited by | Philip Kwong
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<br>Fully Edited Article Summary:
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'''Did Scientists Discover a New Shape?'''
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*** DO NOT copy the title of the article and use it as your own. Be original and create your own title. A sample you could use is New Shape May Be Upcoming.
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<br>The discovery of the new shape, scutoid, in the epithhelial cells making up human skin), has caused a great deal  for many to think about. 
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*** Watch the subject verb agreement and the use of your prepositions. So, I changed the end of the sentence to for many to think about to keep with proper sentence structure.
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<br>To begin with, people wonder whether there can be new shapes.  In the same manner, according to Matthew Gursky, a professor of mathematics, what matters is how the "paper" defines it.   
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<br>To be specific, the "paper" discusses about how the scutoid is relevant to biological objects, like the epithelial cells.
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<br>When scientists stated a shape being "new", "it means that its shape that has never been mathematically described and studied".
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*** Be careful of with its you use, review when to use its and it's. There was no need to include of who stated it after you have written it in a previous sentence.
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<br>To sum up, the scutoid still needs to go under some questioning on whether it's a "shape" or not.
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Source: https://www.popsci.com/new-shape-scutoid
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*** For the source, keep it on page 1 or the start of the article, not where you finished reading the article.
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<br>Edited by | Philip Kwong
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<br>Fully Edited Article Summary:
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'''Tickborne Diseases - Confronting a Growing Threat'''
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*** DO NOT copy the title of the article and use it as your own. Be original and create your own title.
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<br>According to the article, the number of tick borne diseases have risen rapidly. and there are no vaccines to tackle a specific pathogen.
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*** I changed some words to have a better sentence flow. There is no need to have "there are no vaccines..." in a topic sentence, so, I will move it to the fact sentence directly below.
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<br>To begin with, the tick borne diseases are spreading fast and there are no vaccines to tackle specific pathogens.  
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<br>For instance, the ''B Mayonii'' tick has been described as a cause of Lyme disease, in the upper Midwestern United States.
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*** I removed the article the. When you write, you may begin to notice some words may not be necessary but the sentence will still flow. I also capitalized Midwestern because it is a proper noun, as it is a region.
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<br>However, due to the awareness and alertness, scientists and doctors have, new technology is also being explored. (... and doctors are exploring new technologies.)
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*** The last part of the sentence does not match with subject verb agreement. Keep your sentences precise and to the point.
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<br>As stated in the text, "One of the multiplex serologic platforms that have been developed can detect antibodies to more than 170,000 distinct epitopes, allowing researchers to distinguish eight tickborne pathogens." 
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<br>To sum it all up, tick borne diseases are more likely to grow if there continues to be a lack of treatment options for those affected.
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***To have a proper introductory phrase it would be to sum it all up rather than to sum up
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<br>Source: https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMp1807870
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<br>Edited By | Philip Kwong
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<br>Fully Edited Article Summary:
  
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'''How To Make Sure No One Is Spying On Your Computer'''
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*** DO NOT copy the title of the article and use it as your own. Be original and create your own title.
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*** How does this title relate to the topic of the article summary, you have not written anything about spying on a computer.
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<br>Cyber hacking is very common nowadays.
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*** Is the topic about spying on computers or cyber hacking? Be more clear or fix the subject.
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<br>In order to protect information on your computer or your whole computer altogether, there are steps one should take.
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*** I added the word whole to add a more descriptive explanation to the sentence so it does not confuse a reader. I also added one should to develop the end of the sentence and keep it in a professional manner.
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<br>Firstly, one should secure his or her system with an upgraded and updated software. 
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<br>Secondly, be wary of what you install on your computer, to prevent infections, or viruses.
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<br>Furthermore, know the warning signs.
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<br>For instance, if your computer is slowing down, it is most often a sign, that your computer is being messed with.
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*** Be careful with punctuation, do not have a period mid sentence, unless you are trying to separate into two sentences. Use commas or semicolons to split up longer sentences.
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<br>In summary, one should be careful what they do on their computer.
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*** I made the sentence precise and to the point.
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<br>Source: https://www.popsci.com/find-and-remove-spyware
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<br>Edited by | Philip Kwong
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<br>Fully Edited Article Summary:
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'''A Parallel Universe of Clinical Trials'''
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          Clinical trials prove helpful and informational, but also controversial.  William Halford, a member at Southern Illinois University, began an experiment on volunteers without permission, or consent from an institutional review board (IRB), Food and Drug Administration, or formal consent from the volunteers, according to journalists.  Halford died in 2017 to cancer without publishing the results of the trial and his participants. Moreover, formal consent is needed whenever conducting an experiment, especially on patients or volunteers.  These are needed because there are laws and fundamental standards for protecting patients. For instance, one needs approval from the IRB, informed consent from the participants, and  to inform the risks to the participant before the start of a trial. as stated in the text, "This case opens a window into a parallel universe that spurns the current system of clinical trial oversight in the United States and supports broad right-to-try laws allowing patients access to experimental therapies."  Therefore, one should research on what to do before performing clinical trials.
  
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Source: https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMp1804552
 
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'''Oropharyngeal Tularemia from Freshly Pressed Grape Must'''
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          Six harvesters fell ill of "tularensis" in a vineyard.  Firstly, there was an occurrence of cross-contamination in Winery 1.  For instance, a harvester was the source of the cause of the cross-contamination from drinking must.  According to the text, "In the multivariable analysis, we found that drinking fresh must from sort 1A was the only significant predictor for the acquisition of tularemia..."  An inference was made that an infected rodent may have been pressed in with the grapes by the same harvester who drank the fresh must.  As stated in the text, "We infer that an infected rodent may have been collected by the harvester and pressed with the grapes in sort 1A, thereby infecting humans through contaminated must."  Therefore, mechanical harvesting can be a risky factor in which the transmission of a disease from animals to humans.
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Source: https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMc1800353
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'''Fractional-Dose Yellow Fever Vaccination — Advancing the Evidence Base'''
 
'''Fractional-Dose Yellow Fever Vaccination — Advancing the Evidence Base'''
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In 2016, a global shortage of yellow fever vaccine occurred as a result of major yellow fever outbreaks in Angola and the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). By October, 7136 cases and 493 deaths were reported in the two countries. Reactive vaccination campaigns were conducted in areas with autochthonous transmission during the summer of 2016, but many people were still living in areas of risk. In Kinshasa, the capital of the DRC, a preventive campaign targeting roughly 10.5 million people was needed to mitigate the risk of an urban yellow fever outbreak. However, only 5.8 million vaccine doses were available from the World Health Organization (WHO) stockpile. A solution was urgently needed.
 
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Fractionating the available yellow fever vaccine doses and administering a reduced volume of vaccine was one proposal. Faced with the options of using off-label fractional-dose vaccine to meet the supply needs or using the full-dose vaccine but leaving millions of people at risk for yellow fever, the DRC, in close consultation with the WHO, opted to use one fifth of the standard 0.5 ml volume of vaccine (0.1 ml) in its vaccination campaign. More than 7 million people received the fractional-dose vaccine in Kinshasa in August 2016.
 
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This decision was based on simple math. WHO-prequalified yellow fever vaccines are highly potent, with average doses between 12,874 and 43,651 international units (IU) — far above the WHO’s recommended minimum of 1000 IU. In principle, the quantity of vaccine virus in fractional doses of standard vaccine would therefore still exceed the WHO’s minimum requirement.
 
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But fractionating yellow fever vaccine doses is not without complexity. Average doses vary substantially among vaccine manufacturers and among product batches from a given manufacturer. Fractionating doses from vaccine vials at the lower end of the dosage range could result in doses close to or below the WHO minimum. Furthermore, potency can wane when vaccines are nearing the end of their shelf life, which for WHO-prequalified yellow fever vaccines is 36 months. Even the WHO’s recommended minimum dose must be regarded with some caution, since it is based on studies in animals rather than rigorous dose-finding studies in humans. Thus, it is important to ensure that the immunogenicity of fractional doses is equivalent to that of standard doses of currently used vaccines.
 
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At the time of the 2016 outbreak, there were three publications from two studies on the safety and immunogenicity of fractional-dose yellow fever vaccine administered through the recommended route (intramuscular or subcutaneous). Since the older study was based on a vaccine formulation no longer in use, the primary study that informed the WHO recommendations was a dose–response study conducted in Brazil in 2009, using a vaccine produced by Bio-Manguinhos.1 In that study, 900 men were randomly assigned to receive one of six de-escalating doses of the 17DD yellow fever vaccine, ranging from 27,476 to 31 IU. Thirty days after vaccination, seroconversion rates were 97 to 99% for vaccine doses of 587 IU or higher. Among people who originally seroconverted, more than 97% of those who received vaccine doses of 158 IU or higher still had detectable antibodies roughly 10 months after vaccination. An analysis of the cellular immune response showed equivalence to the full dose down to the tested dose of 3013 IU, but not at doses of 587 IU or lower.2 Although these data were considered reassuring, they were restricted to a single country, manufacturer, and population (male adults).
 
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In the context of the emergency situation and vaccine shortage, the WHO considered these data sufficient to proceed with a fractional-dose vaccination campaign. Full-dose vaccination was still recommended for young children and pregnant women.
 
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The WHO published its official position on fractional-dose yellow fever vaccination in June 2017. The agency recommends fractional-dose vaccination during a yellow fever outbreak only if there is a shortage of full-dose vaccine and emergency-response needs exceed the capacity of the global stockpile. Furthermore, it is still recommended that some groups, such as children less than 2 years of age and pregnant women, receive the full-dose vaccine, given the lack of data demonstrating the safety and immunogenicity of fractional doses. Because of limited data on duration of protection, fractional-dose vaccination also does not qualify people for international travel under the International Health Regulations, a document signed by 196 countries to help the international community prevent and respond to acute public health risks. Without assurances that a fractional-dose vaccine provides the same lifetime protection as a full-dose vaccine, people who receive fractional doses will need to be revaccinated before traveling to countries where yellow fever is endemic and where the International Health Regulations require proof of vaccination.
 
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In light of important knowledge gaps related to fractional-dose vaccination, the WHO developed a research agenda to stimulate scientists, policymakers, funders, and industry to address policy-relevant research questions (see box). The global community immediately responded. A small observational study conducted during the August 2016 fractional-dose yellow fever vaccination campaign in the DRC demonstrated 98% seroconversion among people who were seronegative at the time of vaccination.3Participants from the dose-finding study by Bio-Manguinhos1 were reexamined to assess long-term immunogenicity: of 318 participants who seroconverted after vaccination in the original study, 85% were still seropositive 8 years later.4 A randomized noninferiority trial was recently launched comparing seroconversion after fractional-dose and full-dose yellow fever vaccination for each WHO-prequalified vaccine product (ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT02991495). This study will evaluate fractional-dose vaccination in adults living with HIV and in children. Other studies are examining the immunogenicity of fractional-dose vaccines in children, using various fractional volumes and routes of administration.
 
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Use of fractional-dose vaccination in mass vaccination campaigns presents an opportunity to compare the safety of fractional-dose and full-dose yellow fever vaccines — particularly rates of rare, serious adverse events such as vaccine-associated neurotropic and viscerotropic disease. Preliminary data from routine safety monitoring during campaigns involving more than 5 million people in Brazil who received a fractional-dose vaccine are reassuring.
 
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The 2016 outbreak in central and southern Africa was a reminder of the delicate supply-and-demand situation for yellow fever vaccines. Beyond the WHO vaccine stockpile, there is limited capacity to respond to demand peaks during larger outbreaks. Limited market incentives and a long manufacturing process requiring embryonated chicken eggs have created barriers to market entry and manufacturing surge capacity.
 
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Recently, another vaccine shortage has prompted fractional-dose vaccination campaigns in large cities in Brazil, including areas not previously recognized as being at risk for yellow fever and thus with largely susceptible populations. Although the yellow fever vaccine stockpile is in place to address peaks in demand, it is less suited to cover the surge capacity needed for major urban vaccination campaigns. During the 2016 outbreak, the stockpile was depleted three times. Compounding this problem is the fact that global vaccine coverage is well below the 80% target that is expected to maintain a sufficiently high level of population immunity to eliminate outbreak risk: a recent study estimated that at least 393.7 million people living in high-risk settings (43%) remain unvaccinated.5 International air travel may introduce yellow fever virus to new cities suitable for transmission. The best defense against future vaccine shortages is to achieve adequate routine vaccine coverage in all affected areas.
 
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Other countries have considered a broader application of fractional-dose yellow fever vaccination outside emergency shortages. However, core questions remain. Although available evidence supports the use of fractional-dose vaccination when needed, a larger evidence base will be important to ensure optimal use and protection. Ongoing studies will provide much-needed information about specific products, target populations, and duration of protection to strengthen vaccination policies.
 
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Continued dialogue and coordination among the policy, research, and funding communities are critical to ensure that when public health emergencies arise, there is sufficient evidence to make robust policy decisions quickly. Policy-driven research agendas are important tools for facilitating such coordination.
 
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Summary:
 
 
         In the Democratic Republic of Congo, the yellow fever outbreak emerged a new problem.  To begin with, the vaccine doses  supplied from the World Health Organization (WHO) for 10.5 million people, wasn't enough.  To be clearer, only 5.8 million vaccine doses from the WHO could be supplied because of regulations.  Moreover, the government resolved to fractional - doses of one-fifth of the standard 0.5 ml volume of the vaccine, or 0.1 ml.  However, fractional - doses should be used with caution.  As stated in the text, "Average doses vary substantially among vaccine manufacturers and among product batches.."  This sparked more studies to be conducted on the immunogenicity of fractional - doses.  In conclusion, global vaccine coverage isn't enough for situations like this.
 
         In the Democratic Republic of Congo, the yellow fever outbreak emerged a new problem.  To begin with, the vaccine doses  supplied from the World Health Organization (WHO) for 10.5 million people, wasn't enough.  To be clearer, only 5.8 million vaccine doses from the WHO could be supplied because of regulations.  Moreover, the government resolved to fractional - doses of one-fifth of the standard 0.5 ml volume of the vaccine, or 0.1 ml.  However, fractional - doses should be used with caution.  As stated in the text, "Average doses vary substantially among vaccine manufacturers and among product batches.."  This sparked more studies to be conducted on the immunogenicity of fractional - doses.  In conclusion, global vaccine coverage isn't enough for situations like this.
  
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Source: https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMp1803433
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<br> '''An Addition to Organs'''
  
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'''Oropharyngeal Tularemia from Freshly Pressed Grape Must'''
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            Scientists believe that they may have found a possible new organ, the interstitium. To begin with, the interstitium is a network of tissues that wrap around the digestive tract. However, they rediscovered that there were fluid-filled sacs.   As stated in the document, "When researchers took a closer look at this stuff with out squishing it down, that's when they identified the network of fluid-filled sacs."  Additionally, organs are defined as self-contained and sufficient, but the interstitium isn't an organ yet. Moreover, if it were an organ, it could help figure out mechanisms in the body that aren't still fully understood. The author comments, "Understanding better how this system works may enable us to find new ways to treat or prevent all these diseases..."  To sum up, the interstitium may be a useful piece of discovery scientists can observe to become more knowledgeable of the human body.
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In high-income countries, oropharyngeal tularemia is associated with hunting or eating infected game or drinking contaminated water.1,2 We describe a cluster of cases of oropharyngeal tularemia that appears to have been caused by the consumption of freshly pressed grape must by grape harvesters volunteering at a vineyard in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany, in October 2016. At this vineyard, owned by vintner 1, the grapes were collected mechanically (sort 1A) and by hand (sort 1B), and each lot was pressed separately. After the grapes were pressed, the harvesters tasted the fresh must from sort 1A. The same mechanical harvester was then used to collect grapes at another vineyard (owned by vintner 2). These grapes (sort 2C) were processed at a winery owned by vintner 2. Apart from the mechanical harvester used to collect the grapes, there was no link between the wineries owned by vintners 1 and 2.
 
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Among the total of 29 harvesters who worked for vintner 1, six harvesters — two women and four men (median age, 24.5 years; interquartile range, 10.3 to 39.5) — became ill, with swollen cervical lymph nodes, fever, chills, difficulty swallowing, and diarrhea, within 4 to 8 days after the suspected exposure. In each of these six harvesters, antibodies to the Francisella tularensis lipopolysaccharide were detected on enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, a finding that was confirmed on Western blot analysis (for additional details on the tests used, see the Supplementary Appendix, available with the full text of this letter at NEJM.org).3 We interviewed vintner 1 and visited his vineyard and his winery 1 to recreate the events that occurred during the harvest. In addition, we obtained samples of the new wine from both vintners: sorts 1A and 1B, from vintner 1, and sort 2C, from vintner 2. We conducted a retrospective cohort study and defined cases as those in which there was laboratory-confirmed tularemia with onset of self-reported symptoms up to 14 days after the event. Serologic testing was offered to all harvesters, and a structured questionnaire was used to ascertain potential exposures and symptoms among all participants. This study was conducted within the legal mandate of the Landesuntersuchungsamt Rheinland-Pfalz, Koblenz, and the Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, both in Germany.
 
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Table 1.
 
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Risk Factors for Seropositive Oropharyngeal Tularemia in a Cohort of Grape Harvesters, October 2016.
 
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Incidence risk ratios were calculated with the use of Poisson regression (for details, see the Supplementary Appendix). In the multivariable analysis, we found that drinking fresh must from sort 1A was the only significant predictor for the acquisition of tularemia (incidence risk ratio calculated with exact Poisson regression = 13.5; P=0.01) (Table 1). The attack rate for drinking fresh must was 75% (6 of 8 harvesters), which in turn could explain 100% of the cases (6 of 6).
 
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Table 2.
 
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Results of Environmental Testing of New Wine for the Francisella tularensis Gene Tul4.
 
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DNA from F. tularensis subspecies holarctica was identified by means of polymerase-chain-reaction (PCR) assay and its content quantified in new wine made from grapes pressed on the same day (Table 2). Grapes from sort 1B (in which 440 genome equivalents per milliliter were detected) were pressed after those from sort 1A (16,849 genomic equivalents per milliliter), which suggests that cross-contamination occurred in the press at winery 1. In the winery owned by vintner 2, 1 genomic equivalent per milliliter was identified in sort 2C, which had been pressed from grapes collected by the same mechanized harvester used earlier that same day by vintner 1, a finding that suggests that the harvester was the source of cross-contamination. On the basis of quantitative PCR results, we estimated that 109 to 1010 bacteria had contaminated 730 liters of must pressed from the grapes in sort 1A, indicating substantial contamination with F. tularensis.
 
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Sequencing analyses provided evidence of DNA from wood mice (apodemus species) in wine made from sort 1A, and vintners confirmed the occasional presence of rodents in mechanically collected grapes. We infer that an infected rodent may have been collected by the harvester and pressed with the grapes in sort 1A, thereby infecting humans through contaminated must. This outbreak suggests that mechanical harvesting can be a risk factor for the transmission of zoonoses such as tularemia and that raw food stuffs should be treated before consumption. In this instance, all contaminated products were confiscated and their sale prohibited by public health and other local authorities.4,5
 
  
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Summary:
+
Source: https://www.popsci.com/interstitium-new-human-organ-anatomy
−
          Six harvesters fell ill of "tularensis" in a vineyard.  Firstly, there was an occurrence of cross-contamination in Winery 1.  For instance, a harvester was the source of the cause of the cross-contamination from drinking must.  According to the text, "In the multivariable analysis, we found that drinking fresh must from sort 1A was the only significant predictor for the acquisition of tularemia..."  An inference was made that an infected rodent may have been pressed in with the grapes by the same harvester who drank the fresh must. As stated in the text, "We infer that an infected rodent may have been collected by the harvester and pressed with the grapes in sort 1A, thereby infecting humans through contaminated must."  Therefore, mechanical harvesting can be a risky factor in which the transmission of a disease from animals to humans.
 
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-----
 
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7/18/18 "A Parallel Universe of Clinical Trials" A recent clinical trial of a herpes simplex virus vaccine allegedly violated fundamental scientific, regulatory, and ethical safeguards. This case opens a window into a parallel universe that spurns the current system of clinical trial oversight in the United States and supports broad right-to-try laws allowing patients access to experimental therapies.
 
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A faculty member at Southern Illinois University, William Halford, who had a Ph.D. in immunology and microbiology, injected volunteers with a live attenuated herpes simplex virus vaccine he had developed, without approval from an institutional review board (IRB), submission of an investigational new drug application to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), or formal informed consent from participants, according to investigative journalists.1 Halford administered the vaccine first to himself and later allegedly to participants in a hotel off campus. In 2016, the 17 participants were flown to St. Kitts and Nevis for vaccine injections. Results of the trial have not been published in a peer-reviewed journal. Halford died of cancer in 2017.
 
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The trial sponsor, a company called Rational Vaccines, was cofounded by Halford and the Oscar-winning producer Agustín Fernández III. According to Fernández, working in the film industry is good training for running a nontraditional pharmaceutical company because it requires thinking outside the box. Peter Thiel, the technology entrepreneur and investor and outspoken critic of the FDA, invested in the company; he stipulated, however, that future studies adhere to FDA requirements.
 
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After Kaiser Health News broke the story of the vaccine trial and Senator Chuck Grassley (R-IA) prodded the federal Office for Human Research Protections, the university launched an investigation. To date, Southern Illinois University — which holds the patent on the vaccine — has admitted serious noncompliance with university policies and federal regulations but says the investigator hid his actions from the school. Its investigation continues, and the FDA has reportedly opened a criminal investigation into Halford’s research. The government of St. Kitts and Nevis said that required approvals had not been obtained, and it is conducting its own investigation. Although no deaths or hospitalizations have been reported among trial participants, three participants have sued the study sponsor. Another participant said that after he received the vaccine series, his herpes outbreaks decreased in frequency and intensity and eventually stopped.2 Rational Vaccines, whose website currently has no content, told a journalist that it will continue to develop the vaccine and seek approval in countries around the world while following “international good clinical practice standards.”
 
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This clinical trial allegedly violated two fundamental standards for protecting research participants: IRB approval of the trial protocol and informed consent from participants. Before a trial can proceed, an IRB must determine that the risks to participants are reasonable and minimized through the use of sound research design and also must approve a consent form that covers topics specified in FDA regulations. These standards are required by the FDA for clinical trial protocols submitted to support marketing of new products and by the Good Clinical Practice guidelines, which harmonize regulations in the United States, the European Union, and Japan. Like most institutions, Southern Illinois University requires that all research involving human participants carried out by its faculty and staff must comply with federal regulations regarding protection of human subjects, including research that is not federally funded or is conducted off campus.
 
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Although many people in the biomedical field support reducing regulatory burdens for new therapies, the Halford case has triggered calls to abolish IRB review and radically redefine consent for clinical trials. A parallel free-market and libertarian universe staunchly defends the herpes vaccine trial, its principal investigator, and its rationale. Supporters of this movement make several arguments.
 
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First, they contend that patients should have the liberty to make their own decisions about research participation, without experts or government officials trying to “protect” them. An article on the website of the free-market group Foundation for Economic Education declares that the current drug-approval system “assumes that you and your doctor are not smart enough to access relevant data and make informed decisions about the use of not-yet-approved drugs, decisions attuned to your unique health conditions and preferences.”3
 
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Second, they argue that current FDA and IRB regulations harm patients by stifling and delaying innovative new treatments in order to protect vested interests, including those of established scientists and research institutions. Under the current administration, these libertarian ideas are driving policy. Right-to-try laws backed by the Goldwater Institute have been enacted nationally and in most states. The free-market Heartland Institute, which supports the herpes vaccine trial and its investigator, urges sweeping deregulation of new therapies. Before the passage of the federal right-to-try law, leaders of the institute wrote, “Many of those cheering this pending legislation have been working to restructure the FDA’s monopoly on access to new drugs far beyond just the terminally-ill patients covered by Right To Try.”4
 
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Third, supporters of Halford believe that scientists whose work has been rejected by peer reviewers or who violate regulatory requirements are courageous heroes. The president of the Foundation for Economic Education praised Halford as “a genius who challenged conventional wisdom, blazed new trails in scientific research, dedicated his life to helping others, developed promising new tools against a terrible affliction, and lighted a path for the policy changes needed to end the suffering of millions.”5 According to these arguments, researchers’ assertions about proposed treatments can replace peer review, even when their claims lack supporting trustworthy evidence.
 
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Advocates of evidence-based standards for new therapies might dismiss libertarian and free-market arguments for dismantling these standards. But the latter views are politically ascendant today. An effective response would heed valuable lessons from the groups that embrace such views.
 
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To gain broader public support, the medical research community should listen to and respond to the concerns that lead patients to seek untested therapies, including deep frustration over the lack of effective treatments, perceived disrespect, and marginalization of their needs. Libertarian groups have tapped into such emotions effectively.
 
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The community could develop a memorable and succinct mission statement — perhaps something like, “getting patients and their physicians the information they need to decide on treatments.” Making the case for evidence-based standards for new treatments in terms the public understands is also important. Personal stories and cases can grip the attention of readers or listeners, as disease advocacy groups have demonstrated. The plight of patients who need better treatments must then be connected to the need for credible information about the effectiveness and safety of proposed treatments. Evidence-based standards are tools to help patients and their physicians decide whether claims about a given treatment are supported by data. To make informed decisions, patients need access to the protocols and main results of all pertinent clinical trials, including trials that are unpublished or did not favor the intervention.
 
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Finally, although scientists might balk at reducing complex issues to short and simple points, effective communication has helped libertarian and free-market advocates change laws. Such groups strategically target crucial stakeholders, including state and federal legislators, and work with like-minded organizations. Supporters of evidence-based medicine should do the same. Partnering with patient-oriented groups such as the Michael J. Fox Foundation, the Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, and the Genetic Alliance can broaden support for sound evidence regarding potential new treatments. Such organizations, which are accelerating drug development, have substantial public credibility and cannot be criticized as protecting the vested interests of scientists, research institutions, or drug companies.
 
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The Halford case is one example of ongoing zealous attacks on standards for clinical trials. In response, champions of evidence-based standards for new therapies must convincingly demonstrate that they are addressing patients’ needs. Otherwise, their views will not resonate with the public.
 
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Summary:
 

Latest revision as of 02:02, 22 August 2018

This is Mr. Steve. You must condense your article to:
1. Headline
2. Topic sentence
3. Fact 1 sentence
4. Fact 2 sentence
5. Fact 3 sentence
6. Fact 4 sentence
7.Concluding sentence
8. Source: (The URL - the website that you got the news articles from. Like this: Source: https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/long-sleeves-on-doctors-white-coats-may-spread-germs/ )
Try to edit the articles again ONLY as I explained above.


Having Rain Is Just as Bad As Having A Drought
Due to climate change, there has been many droughts and heavy rainfall throughout America.

      • Watch for subject verb agreement. You were missing your verb, so I added has in. There is no need to have a double preposition, so I removed in and left throughout.


Droughts have served as threatening force to nature, as well as extreme rain.

      • There is no need to to turn a subject into a verb. As a subject you do not need to add -ing, where it will turn the word into a verb. Change: raining -> rain


For instance, raining in the Northeast has become harsher, increasing by 53%, since 1996.
As stated in the text, "Many people are already plagued by the persistent beep of flash flood warnings, or the stench of sewage backing up into the basement."
Rain can cause serious damages to towns, such as flooding, pollution, and property destruction.
In conclusion, climate change has been affecting precipitation across the nation.


Source: https://www.popsci.com/climate-change-extreme-rain
Edited By | Philip Kwong
Fully Edited Article Summary:

Marijuana

      • Your title is too vague. We could possibly change the title to Legalization of Marijuana. This lets the reader be more insightful of a more directed topic.


There is some controversy about the marijuana policy in some states on whether to make marijuana legal. (There is controversy in some states if marijuana should be legal.)

      • You could begin with eliminating some unnecessary word choices, for example I eliminated some in the sentence. There is no need to say marijuana twice in the sentence. I combined the sentence to say "... if marijuana should be legal."


To begin with, marijuana was at first a titled Schedule I substance under the CSA. (At first, marijuana was labeled as a Schedule I substance under the CSA.)

      • There is no need to add two introductory phrases in a sentence, one is enough. So, I combined your two phrases to At first,... I also changed titled to labeled, I used this word choice change to have the sentence flow smoother. You should also define what the CSA is, then comma CSA.


There are some potential public health benefits if marijuana is legalized.
For example, medical marijuana is legalized in some states because it aids people with some illnesses. ( In some states, medical marijuana was legalized to aid people in some illnesses.)

      • There is no need for an introductory phrase to start the sentence. So, I started the sentence "In some states..." There is also no need for the conjunction because and just keep with the preposition.


However, there can be negative impacts for users, if the medical marijuana is not used in great care.

      • So I moved the words "medical marijuana" in the sentence to ensure there is a correct subject verb agreement. It was not completely necessary to have it in front of users, when you can use the subject in the latter part of the sentence.


In conclusion, before deciding to legalize marijuana, one has to consider about the health benefits.

      • I changed legalization to legalize to keep the verb tenses correct. I also changed the end part of the sentence so, the correct word choice will be consider.

Source: https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMp1805432?query=featured_secondary

      • This source does not match the topic of your article.


Edited by | Philip Kwong
Fully Edited Article Summary:

Ban on New Uber and Lyft Cars
The latest ban is causing turmoil among New York City. A place where almost everyone relies on public transportation.

      • I broke up the sentence into two sentences. This will allow the summary to flow smoother.


Firstly, this ban hinders Uber's and Lyft's to expand with new cars in New York city.

      • I changed the to New York City. It is better to use a proper noun than a vague article of speech.


To be specific, these vehicles need to be licensed by New York City's Taxi Limousine Commission, TLC.

      • When you want to use an abbreviation of an organization, include the full name of the organization first, then the abbreviation.


People have different views on this new ban.
For instance, those on the opposing side say that Uber's and Lyft's are very helpful to people.
On the other hand, advocates of the ban indicate that it is for the better, such as decreasing congestion and pay for the "for-hire" drivers.

      • Do not use contractions in a formal setting. I recommend to make a change after the final and. This will allow a proper sentence structure, you are missing a verb.


To conclude, this year, some New Yorker's who depend on the ride-hailing apps will have to rely on the train, bus, or regular green and yellow taxis.

Source: https://www.popsci.com/new-york-city-bans-new-uber-and-lyft-vehicles
Edited by | Philip Kwong
Fully Edited Article Summary:

Screens Affect Your Sight
Bright lights from a screen can damage one's eyesight.
In a spectrum of light, the shorter the wavelength of the light travels, the more harmful it is.
For example, blue light can kill and damage photo receptors in your eyes, in which blindness may occur.

      • Added a comma to separate your prepositional phrases. I also changed can to may to have a better word choice and sentence flow.


As stated in the article, "...prolonged exposure to the 445 nano meter shortwave, called "blue light" can trigger damage irreversible damage in eye cells."
Another place blue light occurs is in sunlight. Looking directly into the sun for a long time can ruin your eyes, as it contains forms of UV, infrared and visible light rays.

      • I replaced your starter word with a phrase to show more details about the point the article is trying to prove. I also split the sentence, because it started to become a run-on sentence.


In conclusion, you should not spend too much time on staring at screens, just like you would not stare at the sun.

      • I kept with the same subject with screens rather than electronics. I also added an ending part to the sentence to end with a bang.

Source: https://www.popsci.com/screens-killing-eyes-blue-light
Edited by | Philip Kwong
Fully Edited Article Summary:

Why (almost) Everyone Needs To Stretch When They Exercise

      • DO NOT copy the title of the article and use it as your own. Be original and create your own title.


There are two different reasons for exercising which are recovery, when one is trying to decrease injury, increase strength or accelerate muscle recovery, and remodeling, when losing weight and improving one's mood.

      • Based off your title would you change exercising to stretching? You also wrote that you would list two different reasons. You listed more than two, please clarify and change.


Firstly, stretching does not aid in waste removal nor accelerate muscle recovery, which occurs when exercising for recovery.
On the other hand, stretching as remodeling is effective due to its assistance in helping the body's response effort to exercising.

      • I added the word response in the latter part of the sentence to add more emphasis and keep subject verb agreement.


To be specific, stretching before exercising for remodeling is more beneficial.
As stated in the article, "It will help with muscle remodeling, connective tissue strengthening, range-of-motion improvement, joint alignment, and potentially blood flow during subsequent exercise—all beneficial effects in the long run."
To sum up, people who exercise to lose weight and improve their moods should stretch.

      • Rewrite the concluding sentence, it does not relate to the topic of this article.


Source: https://www.popsci.com/need-to-stretch
Edited by | Philip Kwong
Fully Edited Article Summary:

The Secret Origins of Blue Diamonds Are Finally Coming to the Surface

      • DO NOT copy the title of the article and use it as your own. Be original and create your own title.


According to the article, scientists scrutinized blue diamonds carefully, they discovered blue diamonds form even deeper down than the previously estimate.

      • Watch the use of adverbs. When using adverbs, make sure they end with appropriate -ly.
      • This is not a proper topic sentence, this is more of a fact sentence. Please write a proper topic sentence.


To be specific, blue diamonds form four times deeper below the Earth's surface.
Secondly, theses diamonds get their blue color from boron, which scientist, Evan Smith, believes the boron could have traveled from a sinking ocean tectonic plate, all the way down to the lower mantle.
In addition, blue diamonds are really rare.
Moreover, since blue diamonds are formed way deep down past the surface, scientists believe that the only way for these diamonds to travel up to the surface is if it is moved by ocean water.

      • I added the adverb past to create a better flow for the sentence.
      • This is not a proper concluding sentence, this is more of a fact sentence. Please write a proper concluding sentence.


Source: https://www.popsci.com/blue-diamond-boron-origin

      • For the source, keep it on page 1 or the start of the article, not where you finished reading the article.


Edited by | Philip Kwong
Fully Edited Article Summary:

Did Scientists Discover a New Shape?

      • DO NOT copy the title of the article and use it as your own. Be original and create your own title. A sample you could use is New Shape May Be Upcoming.


The discovery of the new shape, scutoid, in the epithhelial cells making up human skin), has caused a great deal for many to think about.

      • Watch the subject verb agreement and the use of your prepositions. So, I changed the end of the sentence to for many to think about to keep with proper sentence structure.


To begin with, people wonder whether there can be new shapes. In the same manner, according to Matthew Gursky, a professor of mathematics, what matters is how the "paper" defines it.
To be specific, the "paper" discusses about how the scutoid is relevant to biological objects, like the epithelial cells.
When scientists stated a shape being "new", "it means that its shape that has never been mathematically described and studied".

      • Be careful of with its you use, review when to use its and it's. There was no need to include of who stated it after you have written it in a previous sentence.


To sum up, the scutoid still needs to go under some questioning on whether it's a "shape" or not.

Source: https://www.popsci.com/new-shape-scutoid

      • For the source, keep it on page 1 or the start of the article, not where you finished reading the article.


Edited by | Philip Kwong
Fully Edited Article Summary:

Tickborne Diseases - Confronting a Growing Threat

      • DO NOT copy the title of the article and use it as your own. Be original and create your own title.


According to the article, the number of tick borne diseases have risen rapidly. and there are no vaccines to tackle a specific pathogen.

      • I changed some words to have a better sentence flow. There is no need to have "there are no vaccines..." in a topic sentence, so, I will move it to the fact sentence directly below.


To begin with, the tick borne diseases are spreading fast and there are no vaccines to tackle specific pathogens.
For instance, the B Mayonii tick has been described as a cause of Lyme disease, in the upper Midwestern United States.

      • I removed the article the. When you write, you may begin to notice some words may not be necessary but the sentence will still flow. I also capitalized Midwestern because it is a proper noun, as it is a region.


However, due to the awareness and alertness, scientists and doctors have, new technology is also being explored. (... and doctors are exploring new technologies.)

      • The last part of the sentence does not match with subject verb agreement. Keep your sentences precise and to the point.


As stated in the text, "One of the multiplex serologic platforms that have been developed can detect antibodies to more than 170,000 distinct epitopes, allowing researchers to distinguish eight tickborne pathogens."
To sum it all up, tick borne diseases are more likely to grow if there continues to be a lack of treatment options for those affected.

      • To have a proper introductory phrase it would be to sum it all up rather than to sum up


Source: https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMp1807870
Edited By | Philip Kwong
Fully Edited Article Summary:

How To Make Sure No One Is Spying On Your Computer

      • DO NOT copy the title of the article and use it as your own. Be original and create your own title.
      • How does this title relate to the topic of the article summary, you have not written anything about spying on a computer.


Cyber hacking is very common nowadays.

      • Is the topic about spying on computers or cyber hacking? Be more clear or fix the subject.


In order to protect information on your computer or your whole computer altogether, there are steps one should take.

      • I added the word whole to add a more descriptive explanation to the sentence so it does not confuse a reader. I also added one should to develop the end of the sentence and keep it in a professional manner.


Firstly, one should secure his or her system with an upgraded and updated software.
Secondly, be wary of what you install on your computer, to prevent infections, or viruses.
Furthermore, know the warning signs.
For instance, if your computer is slowing down, it is most often a sign, that your computer is being messed with.

      • Be careful with punctuation, do not have a period mid sentence, unless you are trying to separate into two sentences. Use commas or semicolons to split up longer sentences.


In summary, one should be careful what they do on their computer.

      • I made the sentence precise and to the point.


Source: https://www.popsci.com/find-and-remove-spyware
Edited by | Philip Kwong
Fully Edited Article Summary:

A Parallel Universe of Clinical Trials 

         Clinical trials prove helpful and informational, but also controversial.  William Halford, a member at Southern Illinois University, began an experiment on volunteers without permission, or consent from an institutional review board (IRB), Food and Drug Administration, or formal consent from the volunteers, according to journalists.  Halford died in 2017 to cancer without publishing the results of the trial and his participants. Moreover, formal consent is needed whenever conducting an experiment, especially on patients or volunteers.  These are needed because there are laws and fundamental standards for protecting patients. For instance, one needs approval from the IRB, informed consent from the participants, and  to inform the risks to the participant before the start of a trial. as stated in the text, "This case opens a window into a parallel universe that spurns the current system of clinical trial oversight in the United States and supports broad right-to-try laws allowing patients access to experimental therapies."  Therefore, one should research on what to do before performing clinical trials.

Source: https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMp1804552

Oropharyngeal Tularemia from Freshly Pressed Grape Must 

         Six harvesters fell ill of "tularensis" in a vineyard.  Firstly, there was an occurrence of cross-contamination in Winery 1.  For instance, a harvester was the source of the cause of the cross-contamination from drinking must.  According to the text, "In the multivariable analysis, we found that drinking fresh must from sort 1A was the only significant predictor for the acquisition of tularemia..."  An inference was made that an infected rodent may have been pressed in with the grapes by the same harvester who drank the fresh must.  As stated in the text, "We infer that an infected rodent may have been collected by the harvester and pressed with the grapes in sort 1A, thereby infecting humans through contaminated must."  Therefore, mechanical harvesting can be a risky factor in which the transmission of a disease from animals to humans.

Source: https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMc1800353

Fractional-Dose Yellow Fever Vaccination — Advancing the Evidence Base 

       In the Democratic Republic of Congo, the yellow fever outbreak emerged a new problem.  To begin with, the vaccine doses  supplied from the World Health Organization (WHO) for 10.5 million people, wasn't enough.  To be clearer, only 5.8 million vaccine doses from the WHO could be supplied because of regulations.  Moreover, the government resolved to fractional - doses of one-fifth of the standard 0.5 ml volume of the vaccine, or 0.1 ml.  However, fractional - doses should be used with caution.  As stated in the text, "Average doses vary substantially among vaccine manufacturers and among product batches.."  This sparked more studies to be conducted on the immunogenicity of fractional - doses.  In conclusion, global vaccine coverage isn't enough for situations like this.

Source: https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMp1803433


An Addition to Organs 

            Scientists believe that they may have found a possible new organ, the interstitium.  To begin with, the interstitium is a network of tissues that wrap around the digestive tract. However, they rediscovered that there were fluid-filled sacs.   As stated in the document, "When researchers took a closer look at this stuff with out squishing it down, that's when they identified the network of fluid-filled sacs."  Additionally, organs are defined as self-contained and sufficient, but the interstitium isn't an organ yet.  Moreover, if it were an organ, it could help figure out mechanisms in the body that aren't still fully understood.  The author comments, "Understanding better how this system works may enable us to find new ways to treat or prevent all these diseases..."  To sum up, the interstitium may be a useful piece of discovery scientists can observe to become more knowledgeable of the human body.

Source: https://www.popsci.com/interstitium-new-human-organ-anatomy