Phones track drunkenness Smartphones know if you are drunk by walking Brian Suffoletto, now at Stanford with his colleges are taking advantage of smartphones being able to track walking patterns on a person. There is a difference in a walking pattern when someone is drunk and is not drunk. They got a group of 22 volunteers to get 0.02 percent drunk which is under the percentage of 0.08 percent which is the amount you can for driving. They told them to walk forward and backward and almost all of them could be seen changed of their own walking patterns with the smartphone. Only for now thought peoples pattern steps ca be tracked only if the phone is implanted on them on their back side. Soon they will find a way to be able to analyze the research if the phone is in someones hand or pocket. Link:https://www.newscientist.com/article/2252019-your-smartphone-could-tell-if-you-are-drunk-by-analysing-your-walk/



Killing Carnivores How people want to deal with carnivores There was killing of a wolf pack when a women shot at a female wolf which was in a group of one more female wolf and some male wolves. After the death the Wilderness department made it clear that they wanted their animals to be more safe. So a rule they made a rule to limit less control over their states wolves. Just in Washington there has been a killing of 34 wolves in the past 8 years. One reason people wanna get rid of the wolves are that they steal cattle from ranches and over the past 12 years the have stolen 70 heads of cattle per year. Also the Wilderness department says it would be safe to keep the wolves away for peoples living in general. Clearly people in Washington are confused on what to do with carnivores. Link:https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/2020/08/washington-state-wolf-killing-controversy/



PERSONAL AND REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS

Subject Object Possessive Adjective Possessive Pronoun Reflexive
Singular
I me my mine myself
you you your yours yourself
he him his his himself
she her her hers herself
it it its its itself
Plural
we us our ours ourselves
you you your yours yourselves
they them their theirs themselves




1. Personal Pronouns


(a) SUBJECT PRONOUNS occupy the subject position of a sentence: He is a North American; You are at the beginning of this course; She is from southern Europe.



(b) OBJECT PRONOUNS are used as the object of a verb: I know him very well; I see her every day: or as the object of a preposition: I live with them; I spoke to her.



(c) POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES are used to modify (describe) a noun: This is my book; Is she your child? That is our problem



(d) POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS do not appear before nouns: This is mine; This book is yours. They often appear as subjects: Mine is the best.


(e) REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS, referring back to the subject and at the same time being in the objective case: John slipped and hurt himself. Jane writes letters to herself!



2. Demonstrative Pronouns


Like personal subject pronouns (I, you, she, etc.), the DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS, this, that, these, and those, occupy the subject position of a sentence: This is a picture of my father; That is the formula for success.
a. This refers to a person or thing close to the speaker; This (woman) is an old friend of mine; This (here in my hand) is a rare butterfly.



b. That refers to a person or thing at some distance from the speaker: That is a picture of my mother on the wall; That (a bird up in a tree) is a nightingale.



c. These (the plural of this) refers to persons or things close to the speaker: These are important examples: These are the best years of our lives.



d. Those (the plural of that) refers to persons or things at some distance from the speaker: Those (books up on the top shelf) are very old; Those (apples up in the tree) are ready to pick.




3. Relative Pronoun
The relative pronoun is so called because it relates or refers to another word, called its antecedent, to which it joins the clause that it introduces. The relative pronouns are who, which, what, that; and the compound relatives are whoever, whosoever, whichever, whichsoever, whatever, whatsoever.

They are as follows:

Singular Plural
Subject who which whoever whosoever
Possessive whose of which whosever whosesoever
Object whom which whomever whomsoever

"That", "what", "whichever"," whichsoever", "whatever", and "whatsoever" are not declined. They have the same form in the subjective and objective cases and are not used in the possessive case.

"What" is different that it never has an antecedent expressed, but itself stands for both antecedent and relative. It is called the double relative. Compare the following:

  • Antecedent means the word that the pronoun is replacing in a sentence.


I did not hear the words that he said.
I did not hear that which he said.
I did not hear what he said.


"That" is called the restrictive relative, because it limits or restricts its antecedent to the meaning expressed in the clause introduced by "that". A restrictive clause is one, therefore, that is needed to make the meaning of the sentence clear. Compare the following:



- Non-restrictive: Animals, with no disease, need no physician.

- Restrictive: Animals that have no disease need no vet.

Notice that a restrictive, or necessary, clause is not separated from the rest of the sentence by commas.

  • A clause is a verb along with its subject and their modifiers(adjectives, adverbs, etc.). If a clause provides a complete thought on its own, then it is an independent (superordinate) clause; otherwise, it is "dependent (subordinate) clause".



Who and which are sometimes used with restrictive force; as,

1. Those who have finished their work may leave. (Not everybody.)

2. Have you read the book which he recommended? (He recommended but one.)

4. Interrogative Pronouns


The main interrogative pronouns are "what," "which," "who," "whom," and "whose." Interrogative pronouns are used to ask questions.


The other, less common interrogative pronouns are the same as the ones above but with the suffix "-ever" or "-soever" (e.g., "whatever," "whichever," "whatsoever," "whichsoever"). Easy Examples of Interrogative Pronouns


Who did it?
What is that?
Which is his?
Whom shall we invite to the celebration?
Whose are those?
Whatever did you do?
Whomsoever did you pick?
Whosever is this?




5. Indefinite Pronouns


An indefinite pronoun is a pronoun that refers to a person or a thing without being specific.


Like all pronouns, an indefinite pronoun is a substitute for a noun or a noun phrase.
There are some indefinite pronouns are always singular, and others that are always plural, and some that can be both depending on the surrounding text or context. Here is a list:

Singular Indefinite Pronouns Plural Indefinite Pronouns Indefinite Pronouns Which Work as Singular or Plural
Another Both All
Anybody Few Any
Anyone Fewer More
Anything Many Many
Each Others None
Either Several Some
Enough Such
Everybody
Everyone
Everything
Less
Little
Much
Neither
Nobody
No-one
Nothing
One
Somebody
Someone
Something


Examples of Indefinite Pronouns

Here are some examples of indefinite pronouns (shaded):
• A classic is something that everybody wants to have read and nobody wants to read. (Mark Twain, 1835-1910)
• Of those who say nothing, few are silent. (Thomas Neill)
• Everything is funny as long as it is happening to somebody else. (Will Rogers, 1879-1935)
• Everybody likes a kidder, but nobody lends him money. (Arthur Miller, 1915-2005)
• I don't know anything about music. In my line, you don't have to. (Elvis Presley, 1935-1977)


Common Issues with Indefinite Pronouns

(Issue 1) "None" can be singular or plural.
The world is full of people who will tell you that "none" is always singular, but that's not accurate. "None" can be singular or plural.


• None of the students is expected to get an A. (Correct Sentence)
• None of the students are expected to get As or Bs. (Correct Sentence)

Simple way to remember: if your "none" best translates as "not one of," go singular. However, if it best translates "not any of," go plural. That's the usual advice given, but it's not great because "not any of" sounds awkward, which steers writers away from going plural with "none." Here's some more-useful advice. Follow your instincts, but, if you're still unsure, go singular.



• None of the printers is working.
(This isn't wrong, but it sounds awkward.)
• None of the printers are working.
(This sounds more natural.)


There's another factor. If you find yourself treating "none" as singular with a singular "they" or "their" (see Issue 4), go plural throughout.
• None of the attendees has done their homework. (untidy)
("None" is singular (hence "has"). Using "their" is acceptable, but it's untidy.)
• None of the attendees have done their homework. (tidy)
("None" is plural (hence "have"). Using "their" is natural. This is tidy.)

(Issue 2) "Either" and "neither" are singular.
"Either" and "neither" naturally refer to two things, but do not be tempted to treat them as plural. They are singular.
• Either of the sisters are welcome to attend. (Wrong Sentnece)
("Either" is singular. It should be "is welcome to attend.")
• Men's anger about religion is like two men quarrelling over a lady neither of them care for. (Wrong Sentnece) (1st Earl of Halifax Edward Wood)
("Neither" is singular. It should be "neither of them cares for.") (

(Issue 3) Some indefinite pronouns (e.g., "all," "some") can be singular or plural.
The indefinite pronouns "all," "any," "more," "most," and "some" are singular when they refer to something singular but plural when they refer to something plural.
• More of them are required.
("Them" is plural, so "are" is correct.)
• More of it is required.
("It" is singular, so "is" is correct.)
This point gets more complicated when the indefinite pronoun is used with a collective noun (e.g., "group," "team," "crowd").
• Most of the group is leaving. (Correct Sentence)
• Most of the group are waving their national flags. (Correct Sentence)
When used with a collective noun, an indefinite pronoun is singular if you envisage it representing a single body but plural if you envisage it representing individuals.

(Issue 4) Words like "someone" and "anyone" are gender neutral, but it can be tough to maintain that neutrality.
The singular indefinite pronouns that represent people (e.g., "anyone," "each," "everyone," "no one," "nobody," "someone") are gender neutral. However, many other singular pronouns used for people (e.g., "his," "her," "he," "she") aren't gender neutral. We have the gender neutral "it" and "its," but they're not used for people. It's a gap in English grammar, and it can cause problems.
• No one knows what he can do till he tries. (Latin writer Publilius Syrus)
(Why "he"? This also applies to women.)
• From each according to his abilities, to each according to his needs. (Revolutionary Karl Marx)
(Why "his"?)

This problem is easy to fix. There are two good options:
(Option 1) Reword and go "all plural."
• People don't know what they can do till they try. (Correct Sentence)
(Option 2) Treat "they" and "their" as singular. (Correct Sentence)
• From each according to their abilities, to each according to their needs. (acceptable)
Read more about treating "they" and "their" as singular.


Exercise with Classes of Pronouns

In the following sentences, explain which pronouns represent the person speaking, which represent the person spoken to, and which represent the person spoken of. Tell which pronouns ask questions; which are used as adjectives; which are used to connect subordinate clauses to the word for which they stand. If the antecedent is expressed, point it out.
1. Who is talking?

2. The man who is speaking is the head of the credit department.

3. If you are going, get ready.

4. Which is the better piece of cloth?

5. This is the better piece of cloth.

6. The one who wishes to succeed must exercise great care in his work.

7. He that would succeed must work.

8. Many men fail because of laziness.

9. What did you say?

10. Can you guess whom I saw?

11. He himself told us.

12. A cousin of ours is coming to town.[62]

13. The man whose life is above criticism need fear no one.

14. Whoever lives the truth need fear no criticism.

15. I wish you would remove those files.

16. Ink that is thick makes illegible writing.

17. What paper should I destroy?

18. I cannot understand what any one is saying.

19. This is not my umbrella. It is yours.

20. No friend of his would talk in that way.

21. This is no book of theirs; it belongs to us.

22. Whatsoever he saith unto you, do it.

23. I shall ask whomever I see.

24. Each of us has his work assigned.

25. Every boy has his work assigned.

Exercise with Subject & Object Pronouns

In the following sentences he, his, they, their, them, it, or its should be inserted. Give the reason for your choice.

1. No man is allowed to leave —— desk untidy.

2. Every one must put —— tools away before leaving the shop.

3. Every office worker is required to be in —— place at eight-thirty every morning.

4. In my business a person must learn to make up —— mind quickly.

5. It was cold this morning. Every one wore —— wraps.

6. Every clerk must do —— own work.

7. If an employee has ideas for the improvement of the business, —— is requested to report —— suggestions to the superintendent.

8. The superintendent is anxious to have every workman feel that —— (has, have) a definite place in the organization, and that if —— (does not, don't) do —— work, the business will suffer.

9. No goods will be accepted unless —— (are, is) in good condition.

10. Every newspaper is anxious to increase —— classified advertising.

11. No one cares to see —— friends frown.

12. Every one must agree that —— (has, have) —— faults.

13. Not one of the banks had —— deposits decreased.

14. Will any one let me take —— umbrella?

15. Every one says that —— had a delightful evening.

16. Who was it who said I had —— book?

17. Does each state pay over a part of —— taxes to the federal government?

18. Every one will find in the current publications a wealth of information applicable to —— specific needs, much of which —— will wish to file for easy reference, no matter in what department of the world's work —— interest centers.

19. If any one could tell beforehand when —— opportunities would arrive, —— might be ready to grasp each as —— came.

20. If every one here would follow the directions that —— (has, have) received, —— would make fewer mistakes in shipments.

21. Any one who wishes may give —— opinion.

22. No one need expect to leave before —— work is finished.

23. Every one in the office took —— vacation early this year except me.

24. Each of the twenty banks sent —— representative to the meeting.

25. On applying for a position, each man is given a blank that —— must fill out carefully, making —— answers as definite as possible.

Some of the following are right, and some are wrong. Correct those that are wrong, explaining why they are wrong.

1. Neither one of them know what they are expected to do.

2. Applicant after applicant handed in their names.

3. If any one has a complaint to make, he should report it in writing to the superintendent.

4. Have either of the stenographers finished their letters?

5. I wish everybody would do their own work and let me do mine.

6. Each man did his work faithfully.

7. Has neither the carpenter nor the plumber yet brought his tools?

8. Every one of the clerks must hand their report to the head bookkeeper before five o'clock.

9. One of them must have neglected to hand in his report.

10. Man after man yesterday promised me that they'd be on hand to work this morning, and not one of them showed themselves.



In the following exercise, tell which of the italicized pronouns introduce restrictive, and which introduce non-restrictive clauses:

1. This is the best bargain that we have ever offered.

2. This is Mr. Burton, whose work I recommended to you.

3. The city that I enjoyed most was Quebec.

4. I enjoyed walking on the old wall that still surrounds the town.

5. The club to which I belong will hold a meeting next week.

6. The club that I belong to will hold a meeting next Monday.

7. All those whose daily work showed an improvement were given an increase in salary.

8. The horse that ran away belonged to my partner.

9. The greatest man is he who feels himself the least.

10. An old story tells us that when Caesar, who was a great Roman emperor, returned from a conquest which has ever since been famous, he brought back to Rome a formula that has revolutionized the world. It was a formula for making soap, and was considered one of the greatest treasures that was captured during the campaign. Caesar immediately saw the value that it would have in the eyes of the world, and he forced the soap-makers to reveal their secret.

11. The garrison is a handful of invalid soldiers, whose principal duty is to guard some of the outer towers.

12. This is the gentleman whom we met in Boston.

13. Mr. Carter, who was a member of our Boston firm, will take charge of our city sales.

14. We honestly believe that our latest Style Book, which goes with this letter, offers you more for every dollar that you spend than you can get elsewhere.